{"id":2484,"date":"2011-11-06T18:00:26","date_gmt":"2011-11-07T01:00:26","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/humanium.org\/en\/?page_id=2484"},"modified":"2025-12-06T07:45:51","modified_gmt":"2025-12-06T07:45:51","slug":"south-africa","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/south-africa\/","title":{"rendered":"Children of South Africa"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Realizing Children&#8217;s Rights in South Africa<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_1786480814.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46865\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_1786480814.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_1786480814-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_1268864137.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46866\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_1268864137.jpg 200w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_1268864137-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 200px) 100vw, 200px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>South Africa ratified the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/convention\/\"> Convention on the Rights of the Child<\/a> in June 1995. A year later, the South African government-specified children\u2019s rights in the Constitution\u2019s Bill of Rights in Section 28: \u201cevery child has the right to basic <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/food\/\">nutrition<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/protection\/\">shelter<\/a>, health care and social services, as well as the right to be protected from maltreatment, neglect, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/abuse\/\">abuse <\/a>or degradation.\u201d Despite these promises, children of different backgrounds in South Africa are born into very unequal opportunities; some affected by<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/poverty\/\"> poverty<\/a>,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/health\/\"> poor health<\/a>, and<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/right-to-education\/\"> lowered access to education<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d13500832.286263715!2d18.247902564563827!3d-34.296954051962786!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x1c34a689d9ee1251%3A0xe85d630c1fa4e8a0!2sSouth%20Africa!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sin!4v1636631816594!5m2!1sen!2sin\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" style=\"border:0;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" loading=\"lazy\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Population<\/strong>: 59.3 million <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Population ages 0-14:<\/strong> 28.8%<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Life expectancy:<\/strong> 64.1 years<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Under-5 mortality rate:<\/strong> 34.5\u2030<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>South Africa at a glance<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Republic of South Africa is a country located in<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/africa\/\"> Southern Africa<\/a> and holds a population of 60 million people. South Africa is a developing country with the third-largest economy in Africa. The inequalities existing within this multicultural and multiethnic country stem from the Apartheid era, imposed in 1948 by the National Party, which launched official racial segregation between white and black people.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Anti-Apartheid activists fought to repeal these discriminatory laws by the mid-1980s, and in April 1994, South Africans experienced the first democratic elections, voting in the majority for the country\u2019s first Black president Nelson Mandela. Throughout his term, Mandela paid close attention to children and pushed for his citizens to reach out to children in order to support their growth amidst the pain and suffering. But despite his goals and objectives, the rights of children in South Africa remain neglected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Status of children\u2019s rights<a href=\"#_ftn1\"><sup><strong><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>After Apartheid, Mandela\u2019s government worked to provide adequate support to children. Section 28 of the Bill of Rights outlines children\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/life\/\">right to a safe life<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cEvery child has the right to:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/identity\/\">name and a nationality <\/a>from birth. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/protection\/\">Family care or parental care<\/a>, or to appropriate alternative care when removed from the family environment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Basic <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/food\/\">nutrition<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/fundamental-rights\/\">shelter<\/a>, basic <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/fundamental-rights-2\/health\/\">health care <\/a>services and social services.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Be protected from maltreatment, neglect, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/abuse\/\">abuse <\/a>or degradation.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Be protected from exploitative <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/child-labour\/\">labour <\/a>practices.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Not be required or permitted to perform work or provide services that are inappropriate for a person of that child&#8217;s age or risk the child&#8217;s well-being, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/right-to-education\/\">education<\/a>, physical or mental health or spiritual, moral or social development.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Not be <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/detained-children\/\">detained <\/a>except as a measure of last resort, in which case, in addition to the rights a child enjoys under sections 12 and 35, the child may be detained only for the shortest appropriate period of time, and has the right to be kept separately from detained persons over the age of 18 years.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Be treated in a manner, and kept in conditions, that take account of the child&#8217;s age and have a legal practitioner assigned to the child by the state, and at state expense, in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/justice-of-children\/\">civil proceedings <\/a>affecting the child, if substantial injustice would otherwise result.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Not be used directly in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/children-in-war\/\">armed conflict,<\/a> and to be protected in times of armed conflict.\u201d (Constitutional Court of South Africa, n.d.)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"580\" src=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_1270098124-1024x580.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46868\" style=\"width:369px;height:209px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_1270098124-1024x580.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_1270098124-300x170.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_1270098124-768x435.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_1270098124-1536x871.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_1270098124-2048x1161.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_1270098124-830x470.jpg 830w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_1270098124-230x130.jpg 230w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_1270098124-350x198.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_1270098124-480x272.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>After the ratification of the UNCRC, South Africa also signed into law the Basic Conditions of Employment Act, which prohibits<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/child-labour\/\"> child labor<\/a> of children under 15 years of age. (Constitutional Court of South Africa, n.d.)South Africa is also a signatory of the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, whose Article 3 recognizes the child\u2019s right to a joyful childhood, regardless of race, ethnicity, sex, religion, or birth status.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In addition, the Domestic Violence Act of 1998 protects children<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/violence\/\"> against domestic abusers<\/a>. The Children\u2019s Bill of 2005, meant to replace the Child Care Act of 1983, provided for children\u2019s right to privacy and protection, and also proposed new funding projects for early childhood development programs. In doing so, these laws aim to provide a holistic approach to children. Despite South Africa\u2019s efforts, children\u2019s rights are still heavily neglected. (Constitutional Court of South Africa, n.d.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Addressing the needs of children<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/right-to-education\/\">Right to education<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Post-Apartheid, South Africa made great progress in providing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/right-to-education\/\">the right to education<\/a>. The progress has been prominent in pre-school, primary, and secondary education. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cThe number of children under five attending an Early Childhood Development (ECD) centre or pre-school has increased to one in three from one in ten since 2002. Primary school attendance is at 99 percent \u2013 up some 3 per cent since 2002. Secondary school attendance has increased to 90 per cent from 88 per cent in 2002, with notable gender parity. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/children-with-disabilities\/\">Children with disabilities <\/a>continue to be better included within the schooling system, now representing 5 per cent of the total population of children attending school.\u201d <\/p>\n<cite>&#8211; UNICEF South Africa, n.d.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite these changes, however, children\u2019s access to quality education remains impacted by<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/poverty\/\"> poverty<\/a> and inequality. Without a qualified teaching workforce, quality schooling, and<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/poverty\/\"> high poverty<\/a>, children\u2019s<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/right-to-education\/\"> access to education<\/a> prevents them from forming the foundation to a child\u2019s \u201cfuture development and learning ability.\u201d (UNICEF South Africa, n.d.) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dropout rates are also significant \u2014 more than 25% of children drop out, the majority from poor areas. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/girls-rights\/\">Girls <\/a>are particularly over-represented in this statistic, leading to a widening gender gap in schools. Furthermore, the government has promised to waive school tuition costs for the poorest 60% of children &#8211; but some families still have to cover the costs of other school-related expenses. (UNICEF South Africa, n.d.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Young girls are impacted by<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/girls-rights\/\"> gender inequality<\/a> \u2014 this gender gap is particularly strong in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM)-related careers, where less than 30% of young girls graduate from tertiary institutions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In February 2020, Amnesty International published a report on the glaring inequalities in South African schools, impeding on children\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/right-to-education\/\">access to education.<\/a> Amnesty explains that access to good education depends on a child\u2019s wealth, skin color, and location \u2014 further perpetuating the political decisions made during the apartheid era. The Executive Director of Amnesty International South Africa, Shenilla Mohamed, hopes the South African government will change its ways. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cThe right to quality education includes having a school where learners are safe to learn and have the adequate infrastructure and facilities to do so, but our research has found that this is not the reality for many learners in the country.\u201d <\/p>\n<cite>&#8211; Amnesty International, 2020<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Many schools in South Africa have poor infrastructure and poor sanitation \u2014 representing a number of \u201cendemic failings in the system.\u201d (Amnesty International, 2020) Indeed, in 2013, the government put into place the Minimum Norms and Standards to ensure that schools would have good and safe sanitation by 2016, but these goals have not been met. For example, children in South African schools do not all have access to functioning and safe toilets and pit latrines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The basic facilities are also poorly maintained &#8211; often made from dangerous materials such as asbestos which can have detrimental consequences for children\u2019s development. The classrooms are overcrowded and the educational materials are often vandalized. As a result of these conditions, children are not learning properly \u2014 more than 3\/4 of South African children at the age of nine cannot read for meaning, a statistic which is worse in certain provinces, such as Limpopo (91%), and the Eastern Cape (85%). Out of 100 learners, only 14 are at the level to attend university education. (Amnesty International, 2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Access to school is also an issue. Although the Department of Transport promises to offer transportation to school for those living more than 3 kilometers away, some children continue to walk that distance in order to obtain their education. This distance is worse for children living in low-income groups. Mohamed worries about the future impact on children\u2019s growth, both for themselves and for the country.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p> \u201cThe repeated failure of government to address the issues is not only a question of accountability; it has consequences for the life chances of thousands of young people and the future of this country.\u201d <\/p>\n<cite>&#8211; Amnesty International, 2020<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/health\/\">Right to health<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Post-Apartheid, South Africa made significant changes in its health sector and provided aid to populations which were previously denied<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/fundamental-rights-2\/health\/\"> the access to care<\/a>. The access today remains precarious, and \u201cthousands of children die from treatable and preventable conditions.\u201d (UNICEF South Africa, n.d.) The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/infant-mortality\/\">newborn mortality <\/a>is high \u2014 UNICEF reports that \u201cin 2018 alone, an estimated 43,000 children under five died in South Africa, and of these, 12,717 were newborns.\u201d (UNICEF South Africa, n.d.) <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The conditions leading to these deaths \u2014 prematurity, birth complications, and neonatal infections \u2014 are all preventable and treatable. Malnutrition and obesity also play a role in infant mortality. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cFood scarcity, feeding infrequency and a lack of dietary diversity are serious impediments to healthy levels of child <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/food\/\">nutrition<\/a>.\u201d <\/p>\n<cite>&#8211; UNICEF South Africa, n.d.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"518\" src=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_109846385-1024x518.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46869\" style=\"width:372px;height:187px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_109846385-1024x518.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_109846385-300x152.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_109846385-768x389.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_109846385-1536x777.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_109846385-2048x1036.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_109846385-830x420.jpg 830w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_109846385-230x116.jpg 230w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_109846385-350x177.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_109846385-480x243.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Children also live in inadequate housing, and are often less urbanized than adults, which is a particularly important issue as rural life does not offer the same opportunities as urban life. (UNICEF South Africa, n.d.) Close to 2 million children (or 9% of South Africa\u2019s children) are living in informal housing dwellings \u2014 shakes in backyards, rooms built of non-durable materials.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For adolescents,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/children-and-aids\/\"> HIV\/AIDS infections<\/a> have been particularly detrimental. More than a third of new infections in South Africa \u201coccur between the ages of 15-24 years. Of this group, HIV incidence was three times higher among adolescent girls and young women than their male counterparts.\u201d (UNICEF South Africa, n.d.) Unfortunately, less than 2\/3 of children receive antiretroviral therapy treatment. The rates of HIV infections in South Africa point to the larger problem of AIDS in Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/water\/\">Right to water<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Katharine Hall, the senior researcher at the Children\u2019s Institute at the University of Cape Town, also points to children\u2019s<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/water\/\"> reduced access to water<\/a>. &#8211; In 2018, close to 6 million children (more than 30% of South African children) lacked clean drinking water. Good sanitation is also lacking. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>\u201cDuring 2018, 79% of South African children had access to adequate toilets, but shockingly 4.2 million children still use unventilated pit latrines, buckets or other inadequate forms of sanitation.\u201d <\/p>\n<cite>&#8211; Jones, 2020<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>These conditions have worsened with the COVID-19 pandemic, a time when access to adequate water, soap, and sanitation became vital. Safety measures, such as social distancing was not quite possible in overcrowded households. (Jones, 2020)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/food-undernourishment-malnutrition\/\">Right to nutrition<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/food\/\">Nutrition <\/a>is an important issue in South Africa, where more than half of the children under the age of five are stunted. Overall, almost 3 out of 10 children are stunted, a condition which affects their growth and development \u201cbecause of the irreversible physical and cognitive damage caused by persistent nutritional deprivations.\u201d (UNICEF South Africa, n.d.)&nbsp; Good nutrition is fundamental to a child\u2019s well-being \u2014<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/food-undernourishment-malnutrition\/\"> malnourishment<\/a> can lead to infant and child morbidity and mortality, and furthers the vicious cycle of<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/poverty\/\"> poverty<\/a>. Compared to other African countries, South Africa has the highest rate of stunting.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/identity\/#:~:text=The%20right%20for%20each%20child,and%20nationality%20of%20the%20individual.\">Right to identity<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Section 28 (1) (a) of the South African Constitution states that children have the right to a name and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/identity\/\">identity. <\/a>&nbsp;The Birth and Death Registrations Act copes with the registration of the births of children. (UNICEF South Africa, n.d.) For<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/child-migration\/\"> undocumented migrant children<\/a>, this is more complex \u2014 the Children\u2019s Act 38 of 2005 states that while <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/stateless-invisible\/\">undocumented <\/a>migrant children may be processed, their identity may not be registered with South African birth certificates, meaning that when they turn 18, they can become undocumented adults and as a result, deported.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Risk factors \u2192 Country-specific challenges<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/child-labour\/\">Child<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/child-labour\/\"> labor<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The South African government has ratified all the key international conventions on child labor. In 2019, furthermore, South Africa launched the Prevention and Combating of Trafficking in Persons National Policy Framework. Despite these efforts, the Bureau of International Labor Affairs explains that \u201cgaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including efficacy in accomplishing mandates.\u201d (Bureau of International Labor Affairs, n.d.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a result, children in South Africa engage in some of the worst forms of<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/child-labour\/\"> child labor<\/a>, such as commercial sexual exploitation and forced begging. South Africa is also an important destination country for<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/child-trafficking\/\"> child trafficking<\/a> \u2014 children from poor rural areas are trafficked to urban cities such as Cape Town, Durban and Johannesburg. The high<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/poverty\/\"> poverty<\/a> in the country often leads refugee children, orphan children, and children with disabilities vulnerable to the worst forms of child labor.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More than 40% of children in South Africa, in general, are<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/poverty\/\"> poor and income-poor<\/a>, and two-thirds of children in rural areas are poor and income-poor. More than 50% of children in South Africa live below the<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/poverty\/\"> poverty<\/a> line. (UNICEF South Africa, n.d.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/violence\/\">Violence<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Children suffer from South Africa\u2019s violent past \u2014 stemming also from high poverty and unemployment. Children need more protection as abuse and neglect become more normalized in societal life. UNICEF points to four major problems. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First, children are left without parents<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/children-and-aids\/\"> due to HIV<\/a> and secondly, South Africa is an important destination for refugees, but their children often face discrimination. Also,<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/girls-rights\/\"> gender-based violence<\/a> is an ongoing emergency since young girls suffer numerous forms of sexual violence, often from people in their circle. Finally, with the digital turn, children are also being<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/physical-and-virtual-violence-bullying-in-schools-a-worldwide-problem-to-address\/\"> cyberbullied<\/a>. (UNICEF South Africa, n.d.) Overall, children are in deep need of protection from violence in South Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/child-marriage\/\">Child marriage<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Child marriage is illegal in South Africa as it violates the specifications of the Constitution\u2019s Bill of Rights, the Children\u2019s Act of 2005, and the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act 120 of 1998 in 2000 (Mtshali, 2014). Nonetheless, the language used in the latter document does not specifically protect young girls who cannot give consent if their parents agree on their behalf. As such, forced<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/child-marriage\/\"> child marriage<\/a> in South Africa is practiced under the pretext of customary marriage, most predominantly by the Zulu and the Bapedi. (Mtshali, 2014)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These practices are deemed culturally acceptable, but they are highly dangerous for girls\u2019 mental and physical development, robbing young girls of their fundamental human right to a safe, healthy, and protected childhood.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/africa\/\"> Sub-Saharan and Southern Africa<\/a> have high rates of child marriage \u2014 in South Africa alone, 6% of girls marry before they turn 18. (Grobler, 2019) James Elder, UNICEF\u2019s Eastern and Southern Africa Chief of Communication, warns that the figure may be higher, as many cases of child marriage are under-reported. UNICEF\u2019s Executive Director Henrietta Fore describes it best: \u201cmarriage steals childhood.\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/child-marriage\/\"> <\/a>(Grobler, 2019) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/child-marriage\/\">Child marriage<\/a> deprives children of their childhood, happiness, and opportunities. (Grobler, 2019)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/lgbtq-children\/\">Discrimination against LGBTQ children<\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"680\" src=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_458363815-1024x680.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-46870\" style=\"width:350px;height:232px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_458363815-1024x680.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_458363815-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_458363815-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_458363815-1536x1020.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_458363815-2048x1360.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_458363815-830x551.jpg 830w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_458363815-230x153.jpg 230w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_458363815-350x232.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_458363815-480x319.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/shutterstock_458363815-272x182.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>South Africa is the only country in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/africa\/\">Africa <\/a>where same-sex marriage is legal and was the fifth country in the world to outlaw <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/discrimination\/\">discrimination <\/a>based on sexual orientation. Furthermore, the Bill of Rights outlaws discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, \u201cpromising full citizenship to a post-apartheid generation of young LGBTIs.\u201d (Smaak and Varia, 2015) Moreover, South Africa has a gay radio station &#8211; Gay SA Radio \u2014 which helps to break down stereotypes and provides a voice for those struggling to accept themselves. It is a way of bringing visibility to LGBTIQ youth. (Hird, 2021) Nonetheless, young<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/lgbtq-children\/\"> LGBTIQ children<\/a> are exposed to continuing homophobia everywhere in society, and governments have failed to address this discrimination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Written by Leah Benque<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Last updated on 4 August 2021<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2020\/02\/south-africa-broken-and-unequal-education-perpetuating-poverty-and-inequality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Amnesty International (February 2020), \u201cSouth Africa: Broken and unequal education perpetuating poverty and inequality,\u201d retrieved from Amnesty International News, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/amnesty.org.za\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/FINALBrokenAndUnequal_FULLREPORTredu_compressed.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Amnesty International (2020), \u201cBroken and Unequal: The State of Education In South Africa,\u201d retrieved from Amnesty International Reports, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dol.gov\/agencies\/ilab\/resources\/reports\/child-labor\/south-africa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bureau of International Labor Affairs (n.d.), \u201cChild Labor and Forced Labor Reports &#8211; South Africa,\u201d retrieved from U.S. Department of Labor, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.childlinesa.org.za\/children\/for-children\/know-your-rights\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Childline USA (n.d.), \u201cKnow Your Rights,\u201d retrieved from Childline USA South Africa, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.concourt.org.za\/index.php\/children-s-rights\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Constitutional Court of South Africa (n.d.), \u201cChildren\u2019s Rights,\u201d retrieved from Constitutional Court of South Africa, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.news24.com\/news24\/SouthAfrica\/News\/hold-for-sun-am-shock-stats-22-underaged-children-get-married-every-minute-highest-percentage-in-africa-20190607\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Grobler, Riaan (June 2019), \u201c \u2018Overwhelming\u2019 stats: 22 underaged children get married every minute, highest prevalence in Africa,\u201d retrieved from News24, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rfi.fr\/en\/africa\/20210518-being-lgbtiq-in-south-africa-and-senegal-one-continent-worlds-apart-cameroon-transgender-gay-lesbian-homosexuality\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Hird, Alison (May 2021), \u201cBeing LGBTIQ in South Africa and Senegal: one continent, worlds apart,\u201d retrieved from RFI, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/mg.co.za\/opinion\/2020-07-17-mandela-would-be-disturbed-at-statistics-showing-how-some-south-african-children-live\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Jones, Chris, (July 2020), \u201cMandela would be disturbed at statistics showing how some South African children live,\u201d retrieved from Mail Guardian Opinion, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/localhistories.org\/a-brief-history-of-south-africa\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Lambert, Tim (2020), \u201cA Brief History of South Africa,\u201d retrieved from Local Histories, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Mosikatsana, Tshepo L. (1998), \u201cChildren&#8217;s Rights and Family Autonomy in the South African Context: A Comment on Children&#8217;s Rights Under the Final Constitution,\u201d retrieved from Michigan Journal of Race and Law, Volume 3, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.co.za\/doi\/10.10520\/EJC161326\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mtshali, Velani (January 2014), \u201cForced child marriage practiced under the pretext of customary marriage in South Africa,\u201d retrieved from Sabinet African Journals, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.atlanticphilanthropies.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/09\/Out_of_the_box_queer_youth_in_South_Africa_Today_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nell, Marian, and Shapiro, Janet, (July 2011), \u201cOUT OF THE BOX: Queer youth in South Africa today,\u201d retrieved from Atlantic Philanthropies, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.savethechildren.org.za\/what-we-do\/our-work\/childrens-rights\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Save the Children (n.d.), \u201cChildren\u2019s Rights,\u201d retrieved from Save the Children Organization, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2015\/12\/09\/ending-child-marriage-africa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Smaak, Annerieke, and Varia, Nisha (December 2015), \u201cEnding Child Marriage in Africa &#8211; Opening the Door for Girls\u2019 Education, Health, and Freedom from Violence,\u201d retrieved from Human Rights Watch (HRW), accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/country\/south-africa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The World Bank (2020), \u201cSouth Africa,\u201d retrieved from The World Bank Data, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/southafrica\/media\/4241\/file\/ZAF-multidimensional-child-poverty-analysis-policy-brief-07July-2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNICEF South Africa (July 2020), \u201cChild poverty in South Africa,\u201d retrieved from UNICEF South Africa, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/southafrica\/child-protection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNICEF South Africa (n.d.), \u201cChild protection &#8211; UNICEF is committed to ensuring a safe and inclusive environment for every child,\u201d retrieved from UNICEF Organization, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/southafrica\/education\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNICEF South Africa (n.d.), \u201cEducation &#8211; UNICEF is committed to ensuring quality learning for every child,\u201d retrieved from UNICEF Organization, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/southafrica\/health\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNICEF South Africa (n.d.), \u201cHealth &#8211; UNICEF is committed to ensuring that every child survives and thrives,\u201d retrieved from UNICEF Organization, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/southafrica\/what-we-do\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNICEF South Africa (n.d.), \u201cWhat we do,\u201d retrieved from UNICEF Organization, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/southafrica\/media\/4036\/file\/ZAF-Nutrition-brief-2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNICEF South Africa (July 2020), \u201cSouth Africa Nutrition Brief,\u201d retrieved from UNICEF South Africa, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/southafrica\/media\/5316\/file\/ZAF-COVID-19-situation-report-17-7-July-2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">UNICEF South Africa (June 2021), \u201cSOUTH AFRICA COVID-19 &#8211; Situation Report No.17,\u201d retrieved from UNICEF South Africa, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Western Cape Government (2019) \u201cChildren, know your rights and responsibilities,\u201d retrieved from Western Cape Government, accessed on 1 August 2021.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp; This article by no means purports to give a full or representative account of children\u2019s rights in South Africa; indeed, one of many challenges is the scant updated information on South African children, much of which is unreliable, not representative, outdated or simply non-existent.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Realizing Children&#8217;s Rights in South Africa South Africa ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child in June 1995. A year later, the South African government-specified children\u2019s rights in the Constitution\u2019s Bill of Rights in Section 28: \u201cevery child has the right to basic nutrition, shelter, health care and social services, as well as [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2484","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Children of South Africa - Humanium<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Children in South Africa are born into very unequal opportunities; some affected by poverty, poor health, and lowered access to education.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/south-africa\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Children of South Africa - Humanium\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Children in South Africa are born into very unequal opportunities; 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