{"id":8150,"date":"2012-08-17T09:16:04","date_gmt":"2012-08-17T16:16:04","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/humanium.org\/en\/?page_id=8150"},"modified":"2026-01-17T14:40:30","modified_gmt":"2026-01-17T14:40:30","slug":"bosnia-and-herzegovina","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/bosnia-and-herzegovina\/","title":{"rendered":"Children of Bosnia and Herzegovina"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Realizing children\u2019s rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1881973018_edited-1024x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-89040\" style=\"object-fit:cover;width:200px;height:200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1881973018_edited-1024x1024.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1881973018_edited-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1881973018_edited-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1881973018_edited-768x768.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1881973018_edited-1536x1536.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1881973018_edited-2048x2048.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1881973018_edited-830x830.jpeg 830w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1881973018_edited-230x230.jpeg 230w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1881973018_edited-350x350.jpeg 350w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1881973018_edited-480x480.jpeg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1464118778_edited-1024x1024.jpeg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-89042\" style=\"object-fit:cover;width:200px;height:200px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1464118778_edited-1024x1024.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1464118778_edited-300x300.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1464118778_edited-150x150.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1464118778_edited-768x768.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1464118778_edited-1536x1536.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1464118778_edited-2048x2048.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1464118778_edited-830x830.jpeg 830w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1464118778_edited-230x230.jpeg 230w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1464118778_edited-350x350.jpeg 350w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1464118778_edited-480x480.jpeg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Bosnia and Herzegovina\u2019s (<em>BiH)<\/em> sociopolitical development and its ability to safeguard children\u2019s rights, are intrinsically linked to its recent history. The dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and BiH\u2019s subsequent declaration of independence in the 1990s were marred by a violent war and genocide. Despite efforts to align domestic legislation with international standards, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/minority-children\/\">minority children<\/a> in BiH continue to face challenges in realizing their human rights &#8211; particularly in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/right-to-education\/\">education<\/a>, welfare and broader social services.&nbsp;<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d1471724.8259751776!2d16.357128172595573!3d43.90839684171517!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x134ba215c737a9d7%3A0x6df7e20343b7e90c!2sBosnia%20and%20Herzegovina!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sfr!4v1768398442617!5m2!1sen!2sfr\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" style=\"border:0;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer-when-downgrade\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Population:<\/strong> 3.185 million&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Population aged 0-14:<\/strong> 13.22%<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Life expectancy:<\/strong> 75.29 years&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Under-5 mortality rate:<\/strong> 6\u2030<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Bosnia and Herzegovina at a glance&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Bosnia and Herzegovina (<em>Bosna i Hercegovina <\/em>or \u0411\u043e\u0441\u043d\u0430 \u0438 \u0425\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430) (<em>hereinafter BiH<\/em>), is a country situated in the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. It shares borders with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/serbia\/\">Serbia<\/a> to the east, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/montenegro\/\">Montenegro<\/a> to the southeast, and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/croatia\/\">Croatia<\/a> to the north and southwest. The region of Bosnia occupies the northern and central parts of the country, while Herzegovina lies in the south and southwest (Malcolm et al, 2025).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These regions are generally characterized by two separate entities, established in 1995 via the Dayton Accords: Republika Srpska (also known as the Serb Republic), occupying the north and northeast, and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Each entity maintains autonomy with its own constitution, judicial system and legislature (Malcolm et al, 2025). The Br\u010dko District, a self-governing administrative unit, lies in the northeastern part of its territory, and operates under shared sovereignty.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>BiH emerged from the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia: a federation established in 1943 and comprising six republics \u2013 Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia &amp; Herzegovina. Bosnia declared independence from the federation in 1992. However, Bosnian Serbs were opposed to this move and initiated a military campaign to \u201ccleanse\u201d the country (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2013).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The resulting three-year conflict (1992- 1995),&nbsp; led to an estimated 100,000 deaths, up to 50,000 reported cases of rape and over 2 million displaced persons. The Dayton Accords that followed formalized a deeply divided state along ethnic and religious lines, including legal provisions for removing public officials in the interest of peace (Malcolm et al, 2025).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Status of children\u2019s rights<\/strong> <strong><u><a href=\"#_ftn1\"><sup><strong><u><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/u><\/strong><\/sup><\/a><\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1581890017-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-89043\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.4993160054719563;width:307px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1581890017-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1581890017-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1581890017-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1581890017-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1581890017-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1581890017-830x553.jpg 830w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1581890017-230x153.jpg 230w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1581890017-350x233.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1581890017-480x320.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1581890017-272x182.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>BiH has committed to several international instruments for the protection of children\u2019s rights. In 1993, the government ratified the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). BiH is also party to other international human rights instruments, all ratified in 1993, including the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/convention-on-the-elimination-of-all-forms-of-discrimination-against-women\/\">Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women<\/a>&nbsp;(CEDAW), the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/international-convention-on-the-elimination-of-all-forms-of-racial-discrimination\/\">International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<\/a>, and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The government ratified the&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/protocol-child-soldier\/\">Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict<\/a>&nbsp;in 2003 and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/protocol-child-sale\/\">on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography<\/a>&nbsp;in 2002. The government also ratified the International Labour Organization (ILO)&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/child-labour-convention\/\">Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention<\/a>, 1999 (No. 182) in 2000.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Addressing the needs of children&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/right-to-education\/\"><strong>Right to education<\/strong><\/a><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_2668559127-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-89048\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.4993160054719563;width:300px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_2668559127-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_2668559127-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_2668559127-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_2668559127-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_2668559127-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_2668559127-830x553.jpg 830w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_2668559127-230x153.jpg 230w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_2668559127-350x233.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_2668559127-480x320.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_2668559127-272x182.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>In BiH, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/right-to-education\/\">education<\/a> sector mirrors the country\u2019s complex constitutional arrangement. It is governed by 12 different administrative bodies:&nbsp; the Ministry of Education and Culture of Republika Srpska (<em>Ministarstvo prosvjete i culture Republike Srpske), <\/em>10 cantonal ministries of education in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Department for Education of the Br\u010dko District government (<em>Odjeljenje za obrazovanje u Vladi Br\u010dko Distrikta<\/em>) (European Commission, 2024).&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The stages of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/right-to-education\/\">education<\/a> system in Bosnia and Herzegovina consist of (European Commission, 2024):&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Preschool education (Pred\u0161kolsko obrazovanje i vaspitanje), intended for children aged 6 months old until the start of primary education. This consists of nursery (children aged from 6 months to 3 years old), kindergarten (children aged 3 to 6 years old) and preschool preparatory programme.&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Primary education (<em>Osnovno obrazovanje<\/em>) is compulsory education and is divided into 3 cycles\/triad. Public primary education is free and begins from the age of 6 years old. The triad includes:\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Triad 1: 1<sup>st<\/sup> to 3<sup>rd<\/sup> grade&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Triad 2: 4<sup>th<\/sup> to 6<sup>th<\/sup> grade&nbsp;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Triad 3: 7<sup>th<\/sup> to 9<sup>th<\/sup> grade&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Secondary education (<em>Srednje obrazovanje<\/em>) lasts for 4 years, beginning from the age of 15. There are different forms of secondary schools which include: grammar schools, vocational schools, and art schools.&nbsp;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite a structured system, access to education remains difficult for vulnerable families. Data collected from UNICEF Bosnia and Herzegovina for the school year of 2018\/19 indicated that it had one of Europe\u2019s lowest preschool enrollment rates at just 25%. Within this, only 0.5% of enrollees were from rural areas, and just 2% were children from families where both parents were unemployed. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/roma-childrens-discrimination-in-education\/\">Roma children<\/a> had the lowest school attendance rates overall, with poverty, stigma and discrimination cited as primary barriers (UNICEF, 2020).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/right-to-health\/\"><strong>Right to health<\/strong><\/a><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In the Federation of BiH, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/right-to-health\/\">healthcare<\/a> system is decentralized, whilst in Republika Srpska and Br\u010dko District the health care system is more centralized. Although BiH law guarantees universal basic healthcare regardless of income, accessibility and quality vary widely, particularly for vulnerable groups like the Roma community (UNICEF, 2020).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Data collected from the 2011\u20132012 United Nations Children\u2019s Fund Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (UNICEF MICS) indicated that the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/fundamental-rights-2\/health\/\">immunization<\/a> rate in BiH was 68% for all children and only 4% for Roma children, covering vaccines for tuberculosis (BCG \u2013 Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin), diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus (DPT), polio, and measles, mumps and rubella (MMR). The low immunization rate amongst Roma children has been associated with the lack of health insurance, inability to access healthcare services, and deep-rooted mistrust between the Roma community and healthcare professionals.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More recently, immunizations rates, particularly for the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) have declined further, resulting in recurring measles outbreaks across the country. Additionally, BiH remains vulnerable to potential outbreaks of polio due to persistently low immunization coverage (UNICEF, 2020).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/world\/right-to-water\/\"><strong>Right to clean water and sanitation<\/strong><\/a><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2021, the European Investment Bank (EIB), signed a 2.1 million euro (EUR) European Union grant to improve wastewater and drinking water infrastructure in the municipalities of Jajce and Zvornik. This investment was aimed at protecting the public from water pollution and creating a reliable water and sanitation service to approximately 93,000 people living across the two municipalities (European Investment Bank, 2021).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/identity\/#:~:text=The%20right%20for%20each%20child,and%20nationality%20of%20the%20individual.\"><strong>Right to identity<\/strong><\/a><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1359226082-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-89044\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.4993160054719563;width:295px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1359226082-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1359226082-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1359226082-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1359226082-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1359226082-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1359226082-830x553.jpg 830w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1359226082-230x153.jpg 230w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1359226082-350x233.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1359226082-480x320.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_1359226082-272x182.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>BiH\u2019s stance on national identity is rooted in its historical context. In particular, the ethnic divisions linked to conflict in the mid-1900s are reflected in citizenship laws. The Constitution recognizes three \u201cconstituent peoples\u201d: Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs. All other ethnic groups fall under the \u201cOthers\u201d category, which results in their exclusion from high-level public offices and certain legal protections (Sarajlic, 2010).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These provisions are incompatible with the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its Protocols and other international human rights standards. However, political favoritism toward dominant ethnic groups hampers efforts to address inequality. As such, and until meaningful change is realized, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/minority-children\/\">minority children<\/a> in BiH face an uphill battle to obtain nationality and benefit from fair governance (Sarajlic, 2010).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Risk factors \u2013 Country-specific challenges&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Exploitation&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Children from the most vulnerable communities, including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/ending-discrimination-against-roma-children\/#:~:text=More%20than%20half%20of%20the,prenatal%20care%20for%20Roma%20women.\">Roma children<\/a>, face a serious risk of exploitation at the hands of traffickers due to their marginalization from citizenship mechanisms (UNICEF, 2013). Organized crime groups coerce vulnerable children into child labor and transnational trafficking. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At the other end of the spectrum, BiH struggles to hold traffickers to account for their criminal acts. In 2022, the International Labour Organization called on BiH to strengthen its capacities to enforce its transnational trafficking laws, following less than five trafficking convictions per year in the preceding years (International Labour Organization, 2022).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/poor-children\/\"><strong>Poverty<\/strong><\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"753\" src=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_171151172-1024x753.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-89052\" style=\"aspect-ratio:1.3599069406746802;width:284px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_171151172-1024x753.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_171151172-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_171151172-768x565.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_171151172-1536x1129.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_171151172-2048x1506.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_171151172-830x610.jpg 830w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_171151172-230x169.jpg 230w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_171151172-350x257.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/shutterstock_171151172-480x353.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Estimates suggest 30% of all children in BiH live in poverty (UNICEF, 2015). This lack of resources extends to other categories of basic needs: 98% of all children under four lack access to one category of basic need \u2013 housing, social participation, leisure, educational resources, clothing or nutrition (UNICEF, 2015). Within the same age category, over 30% of children are deprived in at least three basic need categories. These statistics are slightly reduced for children aged 5-15; however the overarching landscape depicts a significant volume of children in need of both increased spending power and more accessible and quality social services (UNICEF, 2015).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The volume of children in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/poor-children\/\">poverty<\/a> and lacking basic needs is amplified within the Roma community, who are historically the most neglected group in the country. The majority of Roma children exist in a state of multidimensional poverty, putting their nutritional health and development at risk (UNICEF, 2012).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/discrimination\/\"><strong>Discrimination<\/strong><\/a><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ethnic divisions rooted in BiH\u2019s establishment have perpetuated inequities for children across several sectors. In <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/right-to-education\/\">education<\/a>, a \u2018two schools under one roof\u2019 policy was established, and continues to exist, to unify the population and guard against educational systems being used to reinforce social divisions. Accordingly, schools are gradually moving away from discriminatory practices, including naming establishments to honor war heroes, displaying religious symbols, promoting ethnically biased teaching materials and excluding certain students from attendance (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite this movement towards educational equity, large numbers of trauma victims continue to send their children to <em>ad-hoc<\/em> and private schools, housed by known neighborhood communities, and favoring particular ethnic principles.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These environments are perceived as safer and less hostile, but often lack robust mechanisms or facilities. One example of this is in Usora, where a &#8216;tent school&#8217; was set up within an existing school complex specifically for Croat children, reflecting ongoing ethnic segregation and a preference among some communities for separate schooling environments perceived as safer (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, 2018).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/what-is-justice\/\"><strong>Justice for children<\/strong><\/a><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>All three regions of BiH, Republika Srpska (adopted in 2011), Federation of BiH (came into force in 2014) and Br\u010dko District (adopted in 2013) introduced the Law on the Protection and Treatment of Children and Juveniles in Criminal Proceedings. This law is a specialized <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/what-is-justice\/\">juvenile justice<\/a> statute that explicitly highlights the age of criminal responsibility, legal safeguards, diversion mechanisms and rehabilitation and reintegration programs, in line with international legal standards, including the UN CRC (Council of Europe, 2023).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite similar legal frameworks, differences remain. For instance, corporal punishment in the home is prohibited in Republika Srpska but not in the Br\u010dko District. The implementation of the law in Republika Srpska and the Federation of BiH is also inconsistent. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/juvenile-justice\/\">Juvenile justice<\/a> procedures are inconsistently applied across both territories and minors face unreliable access to legal support and representation. This is largely tied to the decentralized nature of administration which has created gaps in legal provisions (Council of Europe, 2023).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Written by Vanessa Cezarita Cordeiro&nbsp;<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Internally proofread by Aditi Partha<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em><strong>Last updated on 20 April 2025&nbsp;<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>References:&nbsp;<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><strong>Bibliographie&nbsp;:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Council of Europe. (2023, March). \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/rm.coe.int\/factsheet-bosnia-and-herzegovina-the-protection-of-children-against-se\/1680acddea#:~:text=In%20Republika%20Srpska%2C%20there%20is,Budapest%20Convention%20and%20its%20protocols.\">Factsheet \u2013 Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/a>\u201d. Retrieved from Council of Europe, accessed on 30 June 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">European Commission. (2024, December 4). <a href=\"https:\/\/eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu\/eurypedia\/bosnia-and-herzegovina\/overview\">\u201cKey features of the education system Bosnia and Herzegovina.\u201d<\/a> Retrieved from European Commission, accessed on 28 March 2025.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">European Investment Bank. (2021, April 20). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eib.org\/en\/press\/all\/2021-131-eu-and-the-eib-provide-eur2-1-million-grant-for-improving-water-and-sanitation-systems-in-jajce-and-zvornik-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina#:~:text=The%20aim%20is%20to%20protect%20public%20health,sanitation%20services%20for%20some%2093%20000%20people.&amp;text=To%20date%2C%20the%20EIB%20has%20invested%20%E2%82%AC240,living%20conditions%20for%20people%20across%20the%20country.\">\u201cBosnia and Herzegovina: EU and the EIB provide \u20ac2.1 million grant for improving water and sanitation systems in Jajce and Zvornik.\u201d<\/a> Retrieved from European Investment Bank, accessed on 14 April 2025.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">International Labour Organization. (2022). \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/normlex.ilo.org\/dyn\/nrmlx_en\/f?p=1000:13203:0::NO:13203:P13203_COUNTRY_ID:102704\">Comments adopted by the CEACR: Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/a>.\u201d Retrieved from International Labour Organization, accessed 3 July 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Malcolm, N.R., Lampe, J.R., Pickering, P. (2025, March 27). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Bosnia-and-Herzegovina\">\u201cBosnia and Herzegovina.\u201d<\/a> Retrieved from Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed on 24 March 2025.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. (2018, November). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.osce.org\/files\/f\/documents\/3\/8\/404990.pdf\">\u201cTwo schools under one roof \u2013 the most visible example of discrimination in education in Bosnia and Herzegovina.\u201d<\/a> Retrieved from Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe Mission to Bosnia and Herzegovina, accessed on 3 April 2025.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Remembering Srebrenica. (n,d). <a href=\"https:\/\/srebrenica.org.uk\/what-happened\/bosnian-war-a-brief-overview\">\u201cBosnian War \u2013 a brief overview.\u201d<\/a> Retrieved from Remembering Srebrenica, accessed on 27 March 2025.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Sarajlic, Eldar. (2010, June). \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.law.ed.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-09\/190_thebosniantriangleethnicitypoliticsandcitizenship%20-%20ACC.pdf\">The Bosnian Triangle: Ethnicity, Politics and Citizenship\u201d<\/a>. Retrieved from Law Education, accessed on 18 April 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">UN Committee on the Rights of the Child. (2019, December 5). <a href=\"https:\/\/docstore.ohchr.org\/SelfServices\/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=%2BIEQbYSa%2BGmKEEOlnDSpdFT3OUSjmXWC%2Fck2jLW0OFlTRhC9De9IlJPoyCbfVOz41z6TbSDfi2i5YgxN3APQtw%3D%3D\">\u201cConcluding observation on the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of Bosnia and Herzegovina.\u201d<\/a> Retrieved from United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child, accessed on 3 April 2025.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">UN Women. (n,d). <a href=\"https:\/\/eca.unwomen.org\/en\/where-we-are\/bosnia-and-herzegovina\/ending-violence-against-women#:~:text=In%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina%20(BiH,individual%20and%20on%20community%20level.\">\u201cEnding violence against women.\u201d<\/a> Retrieved from UN Women Europe and Central Asia, accessed on 3 April 2025.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">UNICEF Bosnia and Herzegovina. (2013, February). \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/bih\/media\/1311\/file\/Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina:%20Roma%20Survey.pdf\">Monitoring the status of children and women: Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey.<\/a>\u201d Retrieved from UNICEF Bosnia and Herzegovina, accessed 29 June 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">UNICEF Bosnia and Herzegovina. (2025, March 7). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/bih\/en\/press-releases\/gender-based-violence-bosnia-and-herzegovina-silence-endangers-lives#:~:text=Sarajevo%2C%207.3.,women%20seek%20help%20in%20silence.\">\u201cGender-based violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina: the silence that endangers lives.\u201d<\/a> Retrieved from UNICEF Bosnia and Herzegovina, accessed on 3 April 2025.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">UNICEF. (2015, April). \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/bih\/en\/reports\/national-multiple-overlapping-deprivation-analysis\">National Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis<\/a>.\u201d. Retrieved from UNICEF, accessed 1 July 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">UNICEF. (2020, March). \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/bih\/media\/4971\/file\/Situation%20Analysis%20of%20Children%20in%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina.pdf\">Situation analysis of children in Bosnia and Herzegovina.<\/a>\u201d Retrieved from UNICEF, accessed on 28 March 2025.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">UNICEF. (2020, March). \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/bih\/media\/4971\/file\/Situation%20Analysis%20of%20Children%20in%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina.pdf\">Situation analysis of children in Bosnia and Herzegovina.<\/a>\u201d Retrieved from UNICEF, accessed on 28 March 2025.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">UNICEF. (2023). \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/bih\/en\/media\/436\/file\/The%20Status%20of%20Roma%20Children%20and%20Families%20in%20Bosnia%20and%20Herzegovina.pdf\">The status of Roma children and families in Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/a>.\u201d Retrieved from UNICEF, accessed 2 July 2025.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. (2013, July). <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ushmm.org\/genocide-prevention\/countries\/bosnia-herzegovina\/1992-1995\">\u201cBosnia and Herzegovina, 1992-1995.\u201d<\/a> Retrieved from United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, accessed on 27 March 2025.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> This article by no means purports to give a full or representative account of children\u2019s rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina; indeed one of many challenges is the scant updated information on children in Bosnia and Herzegovina, much of which is unreliable, not representative, outdated or simply non-existent.&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Realizing children\u2019s rights in Bosnia and Herzegovina&nbsp; Bosnia and Herzegovina\u2019s (BiH) sociopolitical development and its ability to safeguard children\u2019s rights, are intrinsically linked to its recent history. The dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and BiH\u2019s subsequent declaration of independence in the 1990s were marred by a violent war and genocide. Despite efforts [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":89051,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8150","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Children of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Humanium<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Poverty and discrimination are some of the challenges children in Bosnia and Herzegovina continue to face.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/bosnia-and-herzegovina\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Children of Bosnia and Herzegovina - 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