{"id":8202,"date":"2012-07-13T08:25:09","date_gmt":"2012-07-13T15:25:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/humanium.org\/en\/?page_id=8202"},"modified":"2025-12-06T16:10:30","modified_gmt":"2025-12-06T16:10:30","slug":"antigua-and-barbuda","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/antigua-and-barbuda\/","title":{"rendered":"Children of Antigua and Barbuda"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Realizing children\u2019s rights in Antigua and Barbuda<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Shutterstock_269534087.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-55383\" style=\"width:207px;height:207px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Shutterstock_269534087.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Shutterstock_269534087-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Shutterstock_269534087-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Shutterstock_269534087-230x230.jpg 230w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Shutterstock_269534087-350x350.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><div class=\"wp-block-image is-style-rounded\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Shutterstock_1877753545.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-55384\" style=\"width:210px;height:210px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Shutterstock_1877753545.jpg 400w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Shutterstock_1877753545-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Shutterstock_1877753545-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Shutterstock_1877753545-230x230.jpg 230w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Shutterstock_1877753545-350x350.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Antigua and Barbuda has a special status: it is part of a group of seven states placed under UN supervision via the UN <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/americas\/\">Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean<\/a> Multi-Country Office. The last report by the Committee on the Rights of the Child in the country is encouraging, but much remains to be done for children\u2019s rights to be fully respected. The country will have to report to the Committee on its progress, and it will be interesting to read both the report and the Committee\u2019s response.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/maps\/embed?pb=!1m18!1m12!1m3!1d975053.2159557668!2d-62.5706777448353!3d17.325117954879545!2m3!1f0!2f0!3f0!3m2!1i1024!2i768!4f13.1!3m3!1m2!1s0x8c0d6eb96db8d1c1%3A0x276a3788e18b7994!2sAntigua%20and%20Barbuda!5e0!3m2!1sen!2sfr!4v1663436372667!5m2!1sen!2sfr\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" style=\"border:0;\" allowfullscreen=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" referrerpolicy=\"no-referrer-when-downgrade\"><\/iframe>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Population:<\/strong> 97,928<strong><br>Pop. ages 0-14:<\/strong> 21.8%<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<p><strong>Life expectancy:<\/strong> 77 ans<strong><br>Under-5 mortality rate:<\/strong>&nbsp;5.4\u2030<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Antigua and Barbuda at a glance<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tourism, the leading economic sector of this \u2018Land of 365 beaches\u2019, contributes to 80% of its GDP and is an important source of employment (World Bank Group, n.d.). Already weakened by Hurricane Irma in 2017, the economy and the population, particularly the most <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/poverty\/\">vulnerable<\/a> people, were further impacted by the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/covid-19-and-conflict-related-sexual-violence-against-children\/\">Covid-19 pandemic <\/a>&nbsp;(Moore, 2020, p. 6). The OECD considers Antigua and Barbuda a tax haven\u2009\u2013\u2009a status the government(a parliamentary system) is endeavouring to change through greater transparency of banking and tax institutions (Observatoire des Am\u00e9riques\u2014 Montr\u00e9al).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Status of children&#8217;s rights<\/strong> <strong><a href=\"#_ftn1\"><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>On an international level, Antigua and Barbuda has been part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/convention\/text\/\">Convention on the Rights of the Child<\/a> since 1993. In 2003, it ratified the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/protocol-child-sale\/\">Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, concerning the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography<\/a>. However, although it has signed this protocol, it has not submitted any reports\u2009\u2013\u2009the first one was due on 30 May 2004.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_2104748372-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-55387\" style=\"width:365px;height:243px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_2104748372-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_2104748372-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_2104748372-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_2104748372-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_2104748372-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_2104748372-830x553.jpg 830w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_2104748372-230x153.jpg 230w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_2104748372-350x233.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_2104748372-480x320.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_2104748372-272x182.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Antigua and Barbuda could also make more efforts in terms of ratifications. The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/convention\/protocol\/\">Optional Protocol on the Convention onthe Rights of the Child on a communications procedure<\/a>, the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/protocol-child-soldier\/\">Optional Protocol to the Convention of the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict<\/a> as well as tools linked to fundamental human rights, such as the International Pact on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Social, Economic and Cultural Rights still await ratification. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Neither is the country a party to the International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance or to The Hague Conventions on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction and on the Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 2016, however, it did ratify the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and adopted other institutional and political measures linked to the rights of the child, as highlighted by the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC)(Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2017). In 2015, in a sign of goodwill, the country passed laws that would help usher in reforms regarding children\u2019s rights <strong><u><a href=\"#_ftn1\"><strong><u><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/u><\/strong><\/a><\/u><\/strong>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These laws have allowed the best interest principle to be inscribed in the legislative system (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2017, p. 5). As for the guiding principle of young people\u2019s participation, it is not recognised by law, but efforts are being made to put it into practice, through various mechanisms in schools.(Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2017, p. 5).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A recurrent problem for the state is the severe lack of data. As the 2017 final observations of the CRC explicitly point out, this makes it difficult to plan, implement and evaluate public policies to protect children\u2019s various rights. This may be partly explained by budget cuts in the education and health sectors and other funding and resource allocation problems that would ensure the rights in the International Convention on the Rights of the Child are enforced, especially for the most vulnerable (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2017, p. 2).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, the CRC states in its 2003 General comment no. 5 on the Convention\u2019s general measures of implementation that data is essential for the application of the rights in the Convention (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2003). For example, there is no reliable data, no national policy for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/disabled-children\/\">disabled children<\/a> and no legal definition. It is, therefore, impossible to know the situation of this group of children or to develop adapted services that would allow their rights to be respected. Moreover, no independent mechanism tasked with monitoring children\u2019s rights exists (Committee on the rights of the child, 2017, p. 3).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Addressing children\u2019s needs<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Right to education<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Education is compulsory for all children between the ages of five and 16, and primary and secondary education is free (Antigua and Barbuda: Children\u2019s rights references in the universal periodic review, 2016). At the same time, the scarcity of educational establishments, and a lack of pedagogical tools make the right to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/right-to-education\/\">education<\/a> difficult to apply (Committee on the rights of the child, 2017, p. 11). Moreover, the Convention is not included in school programmes, preventing children from being exposed to it, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/fundamental-rights\/freedom\/#:~:text=Every%20child%20has%20the%20right,them%20from%20expressing%20themselves%20freely.\">knowing their rights<\/a> and asking that they be respected.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Right to protection<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/fundamental-rights\/\">right to protection<\/a> concerns the physical and mental well-being of minors. However, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/abuse\/\">corporal punishment<\/a> is commonplace in Antigua and Barbuda. The 1949 Corporal Punishment Act and the 1956 Prison Act permit the use of flogging in case of failure to respect carceral discipline (Committee against Torture, 2017, p. 8).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" src=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1991612396-1024x682.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-55386\" style=\"width:360px;height:239px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1991612396-1024x682.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1991612396-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1991612396-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1991612396-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1991612396-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1991612396-830x553.jpg 830w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1991612396-230x153.jpg 230w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1991612396-350x233.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1991612396-480x320.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1991612396-272x182.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Violence is deeply entrenched in customs\u2009\u2013\u2009it is legal to inflict corporal punishment not only at home but in all establishments linked to child development, including in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/school-bullying\/\">education system<\/a> (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2017, p. 8) and prisons (Committee against Torture, 2017, p. 8). For example, according to a 2008 law still in force, the principal and the deputy principal of a school have the right to administer <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/abuse\/\">corporal punishment<\/a>, even though the 2015 Child Justice Act forbids such punishment to be administered to a child.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With the 2015 Children (Care and Adoption) Act, the country is able to address the issue of child abuse, although more effort is still required to document and stop abuse towards minors. The country contains few help centres for victims and has no mechanism to register and monitor complaints (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2017, p. 6).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Right to health<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>In Antigua and Barbuda, all children below the age of 16 are entitled to free <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/fundamental-rights-2\/health\/\">medical care<\/a>, and vaccination coverage is good. Protecting and improving young people\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/childrens-mental-health-during-the-pandemic-a-distressing-reality\/\">mental health<\/a> is also a concern for the state. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, in its 2017 report, the CRC observed a large increase in obesity and malnutrition among minors and a dearth of qualified child psychiatrists and community mental health services (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2017, p. 9). Moreover, with no law banning their sale and consumption, the consumption of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/children-and-addictions\/\">alcohol and marijuana<\/a> is increasing among young people (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2017, p. 9).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Regarding the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/adolescents-sexuality\/\">sexual health<\/a> of minors, the Planned Parenthood Association provides contraceptives and free advice services. However, sexual and reproductive health is not taught at school, and children receive little advice or attention when confronted with problems of development, mental health and reproduction (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2017, p.9). This results in a high number of early pregnancies, which can have a negative effect on girls\u2019 education (UNESCO, 2017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Problems of coordination between the different organisations working in this field leave little hope for a viable strategic policy to prevent these pregnancies (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2017, p.9). Nonetheless, efforts are being made for people living with HIV. In line with preventative efforts, the risk of transmission from pregnant mother to child has been practically eliminated(Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2017, p. 10). However, more and more girls are being infected with HIV, and the accompanying stigmatisation and discrimination hinder access to care for people living with HIV (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2017, p. 11).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Risk factors \u2192 Country-specific challenges<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Child trafficking<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1598128627-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-55388\" style=\"width:340px;height:227px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1598128627-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1598128627-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1598128627-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1598128627-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1598128627-2048x1365.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1598128627-830x553.jpg 830w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1598128627-230x153.jpg 230w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1598128627-350x233.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1598128627-480x320.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_1598128627-272x182.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>People and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/child-trafficking\/\">children<\/a> trafficking is a major issue plaguing the country (2019 Trafficking in Persons Report: Antigua and Barbuda, n.d.). Laws, such as the 2010 law on the prevention of human trafficking, are being modified and other measures are being put in place to address the issue. A National Action Plan on the prevention of human trafficking was even implemented between 2016 and 2018. However, data is sparse on this subject; a shortage of resources makes it difficult to identify victims; and care, aid and accommodation services are lacking to help victims of trafficking (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2017, p. 12).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nonetheless, Antigua and Barbuda has made efforts, notably in 2015 with an amendment to the 2010 Trafficking in Persons (Prevention) Act, and with the creation of a Sex Offence Unit within the police force in 2008 (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2017, p. 7) tasked to fight <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/sexual-abuse-children\/\">sexual exploitation<\/a>, which can be an aim of child trafficking.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Child labour<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Generally, it is illegal to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/child-labour\/\">employ children<\/a> under 14 years of age. Minors aged between 14 and 18 may be employed outside school hours, and a medical authorisation is necessary for night work. However, when it comes to dangerous work, the law is very vague concerning the protection of minors (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2017, pp. 11\u201312).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Discrimination<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/nondiscrimination\/\">Discrimination<\/a> is frequent in Antigua and Barbuda, but little data is available for effective and efficient political action, particularly when it comes to foreigners (Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, 2007). As a result, efforts are being made to better integrate expatriates: children from an immigrant background can attend state school as soon as they arrive, and no longer have to wait for the two years previously required. However, due to a lack of resources in the education system, these children still do not go to school, and no mechanism exists to remedy this situation (Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, 2007, p. 4).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Disabled children<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Similarly, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/disabled-children\/\">disabled children<\/a> face real challenges in Antigua and Barbuda. There is no law or policy to support them, and there is a real lack of inclusion for these children with specific needs, notably in terms of basic services. Moreover, ease of access for disabled people is not a legal requirement. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Services to monitor the development of these children and to include them as much as possible in society are lacking (Committee on the rights of the child, 2017, p. 8). This problem of accessibility also affects certain groups of children, particularly those that are vulnerable, such as children living in poverty, migrant children and informally adopted children (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2017, p. 4).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Child justice<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/juvenile-law\/\">Child justice<\/a> is determined by an eponymous act passed in 2015 and implemented in 2016. Despite this recent law, which is supposed to follow the guiding principles and rights contained in the Convention, there are many areas for improvement. For example, the minimum age of criminal responsibility is very low: eight-year-old children can be arrested and taken to court. Few ways to protect young people exist, and there are notably few possible substitutions for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/children-in-justice-system\/\">legal procedures<\/a>, with probation the only alternative to sentencing and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/detained-children\/\">imprisonment<\/a> (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2017, p. 13).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When they are not placed with adult prisoners (Committee against Torture, 2017, p. 7), children referred to residential centres are held in the Boys\u2019 Training School, a programme which respects neither the Convention on the Rights of the Child nor the United Nations Rules for the Protection of Minors Deprived of their Liberty (Havana Rules) (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2017, p. 13).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Environmental challenges<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_710399056-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-55385\" style=\"width:340px;height:226px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_710399056-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_710399056-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_710399056-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_710399056-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_710399056-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_710399056-830x554.jpg 830w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_710399056-230x153.jpg 230w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_710399056-350x233.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_710399056-480x320.jpg 480w, https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/shutterstock_710399056-272x182.jpg 272w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p>Due to its island status and its position in the Caribbean, Antigua and Barbuda is on the frontline with respect to the impacts of climate change, including a rise in sea levels and an increase in the likelihood of extreme <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/focus-on\/environment\/climate-emergency\/\">weather events<\/a> (World Bank Group, n.d.)\u2009\u2013\u2009regular hurricanes and storms are already a common occurrence (CIA, 2022), as Hurricane Irma demonstrated in 2017 (Moore, 2020, p. 6). The sexual violence to which girls can be subjected in overcrowded shelters is one example of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/focus-on\/environment\/environmental-rights\/\">impact<\/a> such environmental events have on the respect for children\u2019s rights. (Crisis update: restoring dignity and livelihoods after storms in the Caribbean.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Moreover, because of its topography, Antigua and Barbuda is regularly subject to droughts (Momsen, n.d.). The country is also vulnerable to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/humaniums-struggle-to-protect-environmental-rights-coordinated-with-the-working-group-on-environment\/\">weather events<\/a> in the region; the eruption of the volcano La Soufri\u00e8re in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines caused a humanitarian and economic crisis that also seriously affected Antigua and Barbuda (Agence France Presse, 2021).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Written by Juliette Bail<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Translated by Alex Macpherson<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Revised by Jean-Christophe Brunet<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><em>Last updated on February 26, 2022<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>References:<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><em>2019 Trafficking in Persons Report: Antigua and Barbuda<\/em>. (n.d.). Consult\u00e9 le 15 f\u00e9vrier 2022,&nbsp; du site internet U.S Department of state: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2019-trafficking-in-persons-report-2\/antigua-and-barbuda\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.state.gov\/reports\/2019-trafficking-in-persons-report-2\/antigua-and-barbuda\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Agence France Presse. (2021, 14 avril). <em>Longue crise en perspective, pr\u00e9vient l\u2019ONU<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 le 24 f\u00e9vrier 2022, du site internet La Presse: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lapresse.ca\/international\/caraibes\/2021-04-14\/saint-vincent\/longue-crise-en-perspective-previent-l-onu.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.lapresse.ca\/international\/caraibes\/2021-04-14\/saint-vincent\/longue-crise-en-perspective-previent-l-onu.php<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><em>Antigua and Barbuda: Children&#8217;s rights references in the universal periodic review.<\/em> (2016, 9mai). Consult\u00e9 le 17 f\u00e9vrier 2022, du site internet Child Rights International Network: <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.crin.org\/en\/library\/publications\/antigua-and-barbuda-childrens-rights-references-universal-periodic-review.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/archive.crin.org\/en\/library\/publications\/antigua-and-barbuda-childrens-rights-references-universal-periodic-review.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">CIA. (2022, 16 f\u00e9vrier). <em>Antigua and Barbuda<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 le 25 f\u00e9vrier 2022, du site internet The World Factbook: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/antigua-and-barbuda\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/the-world-factbook\/countries\/antigua-and-barbuda\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Comit\u00e9 contre la torture. (2017, 30 ao\u00fbt). <em>Observations finales concernant Antigua-et-Barbuda en l\u2019absence de rapport.<\/em>Consult\u00e9 le 15 f\u00e9vrier 2022, du site internet des Nations Unies: <a href=\"https:\/\/documents-dds-ny.un.org\/doc\/UNDOC\/GEN\/G17\/253\/86\/PDF\/G1725386.pdf?OpenElement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/documents-dds-ny.un.org\/doc\/UNDOC\/GEN\/G17\/253\/86\/PDF\/G1725386.pdf?OpenElement<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Comit\u00e9 des droits de l&#8217;enfant. (2003, 27 novembre). <em>Observation g\u00e9n\u00e9rale \u00b05<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 le 24 f\u00e9vrier 2022, du site internet des Nations Unies: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.right-to-education.org\/sites\/right-to-education.org\/files\/resource-attachments\/CRC_Observation%20_Generale_5_2003_FR.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.right-to-education.org\/sites\/right-to-education.org\/files\/resource-attachments\/CRC_Observation%20_Generale_5_2003_FR.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Comit\u00e9 des droits de l&#8217;enfant. (2017, 30 juin). <em>Observations finales concernant le rapportd\u2019Antigua-et-Barbuda valant deuxi\u00e8me \u00e0 quatri\u00e8me rapports p\u00e9riodiques.<\/em>Consult\u00e9 le 15 f\u00e9vrier 2022, du site internet des Nationes Unies: https:\/\/docstore.ohchr.org\/SelfServices\/FilesHandler.ashx?enc=6QkG1d%2fPPRiCAqhKb7yhssgYL1OdqFkpqxKws0oHsu%2fSCfv%2fZans%2fSEyT%2b0yyvbiHMTXKzZT0KDiD15SZF0YdQT9cUcBCu51xr%2bWUUdpBmAMpayUqs4XtjLFhmkHOcKO<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Comit\u00e9 pour l&#8217;\u00e9limination de la discrimination raciale. (2007, 11 avril). <em>Examen des rapports pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s par les \u00c9tats parties conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 l&#8217;article 9 de la Convention<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 le 25 f\u00e9vrier2022, du site internet des Nations Unies: <a href=\"https:\/\/documents-dds-ny.un.org\/doc\/UNDOC\/GEN\/G07\/417\/04\/PDF\/G0741704.pdf?OpenElement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/documents-dds-ny.un.org\/doc\/UNDOC\/GEN\/G07\/417\/04\/PDF\/G0741704.pdf?OpenElement<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><em>Derni\u00e8res informations \u00e0 propos de la crise : R\u00e9cup\u00e9rer la dignit\u00e9 et r\u00e9tablir les moyens de subsistance apr\u00e8s la crise aux Cara\u00efbes<\/em>. (2018, 15 ao\u00fbt). Consult\u00e9 le25 f\u00e9vrier 2022, du site internet ONU Femmes: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/fr\/news\/stories\/2018\/8\/feature-caribbean-humanitarian-update\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/fr\/news\/stories\/2018\/8\/feature-caribbean-humanitarian-update<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Momsen, J. D. (n.d.). <em>Antigua and Barbuda<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 le 24 f\u00e9vrier 2022, du site internet Britannica: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Antigua-and-Barbuda\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Antigua-and-Barbuda<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Moore, W. (2020, juillet). <em>Antigua and Barbuda : Covid-19 Heat report human and economic assessment of impact.<\/em>Consult\u00e9 le 25 f\u00e9vrier 2022, du site internet UN Women: <a href=\"https:\/\/caribbean.unwomen.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Field%20Office%20Caribbean\/Attachments\/Publications\/2020\/Human%20Impact%20and%20Economic%20Assessment%20of%20Impact%20%20Antigua%20%20Barbuda.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/caribbean.unwomen.org\/sites\/default\/files\/Field%20Office%20Caribbean\/Attachments\/Publications\/2020\/Human%20Impact%20and%20Economic%20Assessment%20of%20Impact%20%20Antigua%20%20Barbuda.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">Observatoire des am\u00e9riques &#8211; Montr\u00e9al. (n.d.). <em>Antigua et Barbuda.<\/em>Consult\u00e9 le 13 f\u00e9vrier2022, du site internent de l&#8217;UQAM: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ameriques.uqam.ca\/spip.php?article144&amp;lang=fr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.ameriques.uqam.ca\/spip.php?article144&amp;lang=fr<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">UNESCO. (2017). <em>Grossesses pr\u00e9coces et non d\u00e9sir\u00e9es: recommandations \u00e0 l&#8217;usage du secteur de l&#8217;\u00e9ducation.<\/em>Consult\u00e9 le 29 mars 2022, du site internet UNESDOC: <a href=\"https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000248418_fre\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/unesdoc.unesco.org\/ark:\/48223\/pf0000248418_fre<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\">World bank group. (n.d.). <em>Antigua and Barbuda<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 le 15 f\u00e9vrier 2022, du site internet Climate Change Knowledge Portal: <a href=\"https:\/\/climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org\/country\/antigua-and-barbuda\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org\/country\/antigua-and-barbuda<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-css-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> This article in no way claims to give a complete or representative account of children\u2019s rights in Antigua and Barbuda: one of the many challenges here is the lack of up-to-date information on children, particularly translated into French or English. This article is based mostly on sources issued by the United Nations, which warrant the corroboration of resources from other organisations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> For example, law no. 23 of 2015, relating to child justice, law no. 24 of 2015, relating to childhood (protection and adoption), and law no. 27 of 2015, relating to familial violence<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Realizing children\u2019s rights in Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda has a special status: it is part of a group of seven states placed under UN supervision via the UN Barbados and the Eastern Caribbean Multi-Country Office. The last report by the Committee on the Rights of the Child in the country is encouraging, but [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-8202","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Children of Antigua and Barbuda - Humanium<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Antigua and Barbuda has made great efforts in the protection of children&#039;s rights. 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