{"id":35559,"date":"2020-06-30T16:37:35","date_gmt":"2020-06-30T16:37:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/?p=35559"},"modified":"2025-12-14T04:26:47","modified_gmt":"2025-12-14T04:26:47","slug":"canadas-indigenous-children","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.humanium.org\/en\/canadas-indigenous-children\/","title":{"rendered":"Canada\u2019s Indigenous Children"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Canada<\/a> is a many-faceted country and the diversity of its indigenous peoples is one of its riches. But talking about Canada\u2019s indigenous children can be complicated, in particular because the range of situations they experience makes it difficult to generalise. However, one issue common to all its communities is that children\u2019s rights<\/a> are not well-respected and young people find it hard to assert their rights.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A fragile and unequal situation for indigenous children<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Indigenous communities<\/a> can be found throughout Canada, which recognises three categories of indigenous peoples: Inuit, First Nations and M\u00e9tis (of mixed origin). Within these designations there are more than 630 different nations, communities and communities within a nation. Hence the wide range of situations. The indigenous world has seen its population grow following a spike in its birth rate. This is a young population. Respect for children\u2019s rights is therefore all the more important. But the Canadian system is a poor fit for indigenous peoples, not least because its approach to children\u2019s education<\/a> differs to that of indigenous peoples.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Canada has a violent and bloody past<\/a> as regards its indigenous peoples and especially their children. An example of this is its residential schools \u2013 which operated between 1831 and 1996 \u2013 to which children were taken from their families in an attempt to assimilate them. Canada has recognised that it is guilty of the physical, biological and cultural genocide of these communities. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Furthermore, the \u2018Sixties Scoop\u2019, where the government rounded up thousands of indigenous children for adoption by white Canadian families is still firmly embedded in people\u2019s minds. Some children were even sold abroad. Despite attempts at reconciliation, these communities are still not treated equally and the youngest are also affected. The children of today suffer from structural discrimination<\/a> against their communities. They have inherited this marginalisation of indigenous peoples \u2013 equally economic, political and cultural – from their families, because of the colonial past and the assimilationist and discriminatory policy decisions and measures that followed as a result.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Indigenous children\u2019s rights under the International Convention on the Rights of the Child<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Indigenous children are in a vulnerable and difficult situation as regards their rights under the International Convention on the Rights of the Child<\/a>, to which Canada is a party. Indigenous children generally have less access to education services. For example, classes are held in French or English and not in languages spoken by indigenous communities. This cultural discrepancy also applies in the sphere of health. The Western health system is very different to the healing traditions of indigenous peoples, which can\u2019t incorporate Western techniques. In addition, the precarious situation <\/a>of indigenous families makes it difficult for them to access expensive hospital services, drinking water<\/a>, healthy food or even their traditional food,<\/a> not manufactured by Western industry. With processed and manufactured food being the only easily accessible food, childhood obesity is the scourge of indigenous communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beyond these essential rights, indigenous children\u2019s physical and mental wellbeing is not well protected either. Parents who as children experienced the residential schools of the Sixties Scoop have a higher chance of suffering from alcohol and drug addiction<\/a>. Their malaise, brought about in many cases by years of mistreatment in the residential schools or by being brutally torn from their families, can lead to violence against their own children. This in turn has a negative impact on these children\u2019s development, in addition to being a violation of their rights<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Why it is necessary to stand up for indigenous children\u2019s rights<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The question therefore is how to guarantee that indigenous children\u2019s rights are protected and their situation improved. Indigenous children\u2019s problems stem in large part from the fact that the Canadian system is ill suited to their way of life. For example, indigenous children are over-represented in the child protection system, a Western system. But this is not because they are the most at risk. The education and health systems are no better. The situation therefore presents a real challenge for indigenous communities and the various levels of provincial and federal government alike. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Many programmes have, in fact, been implemented and have gradually improved the situation of indigenous children. For example, youth development and care programmes \u2013 such as the Canadian Prenatal Nutrition Program \u2013 have been very successful. Moreover, the management of services for children has increasingly been placed in the hands of indigenous communities, which has resulted in significant progress in the accessibility of essential services. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, there is still a lot to be done \u2013 the battle has not been won yet. For example, responsibility for the system for protecting indigenous young people has been transferred from the Canadian provinces to the different indigenous groups, through the new law C-92, in force since January 2020. Its objective is to better tailor the placement of indigenous children to their specific needs. In the past, the federal government was found guilty of having discriminated<\/a> against indigenous children through the child protection system<\/a>. Nevertheless, law C-92, viewed by some as impractical, has been called into question in Quebec, in particular due to a constitutional compliance issue.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The International Bureau for Children\u2019s Rights, an international NGO based in Montreal, addressed this issue in its 2019 report on indigenous children from Quebec. This report looks at five areas where an integrated approach to their situation could be adopted: identity<\/a>, health<\/a> and development, education<\/a>, protection<\/a> and justice, and participation. This last area highlights the importance of the participation of indigenous young people, which must act as the motor of change. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Based mainly on indigenous children from Quebec, the study shows that young people are gradually speaking up and reclaiming their traditions. The Native Friendship Centres of Quebec are good platforms to raise awareness about indigenous life, particularly in the struggle against discrimination and racism. At the international level, indigenous young people have participated in the Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nevertheless, the cultural, socio-economic and political marginalisation of indigenous communities acts as a brake on the full realisation of children\u2019s right to participate and on the advancement of the rights of indigenous children. The unequal situation of these children in Canada echoes that of other indigenous communities across the world. Through its advocacy work, Humanium promotes the protection of children\u2019s rights and those of indigenous children in particular. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Join Humanium\u2019s global community and play your part in the struggle for children\u2019s rights.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Written by Juliette Bail<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Translated by Andre Bywater<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proofread by Holly-Anne Whyte<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

References:<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Breton, A., Dufour, S., & Lavergne, C. (2012). Les enfants autochtones en protection de la jeunesse au Qu\u00e9bec : leur r\u00e9alit\u00e9 compar\u00e9e \u00e0 celle des autres enfants. (L. P. Montr\u00e9al, \u00c9d.) Criminologie, 45<\/em>(2), pp. 157-185. Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cabinet de la ministre de la Justice et Procureure g\u00e9n\u00e9rale du Qu\u00e9bec. (2019, d\u00e9cembre 19). Renvoi \u00e0 la Cour d’appel relatif \u00e0 la constitutionnalit\u00e9 de la Loi concernant les enfants, les jeunes et les familles des Premi\u00e8res Nations, des Inuits et des M\u00e9tis<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

CSSSPNQL. (2020). Entr\u00e9e en vigueur de la loi C-92 : Principes et application.<\/em> Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Desbiens, C., & Ir\u00e8ne, H. (2012). Les Autochtones au Canada : espaces et peuples en mutation. L’information g\u00e9ographique, 76<\/em>(4), pp. 29-46. Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dion, M.-H. G., Rivard, J., & Bellot, C. (2017). Jeunes autochtones et protection de la jeunesse : leur point de vue sur leur prise en charge. Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s et jeunesses en difficult\u00e9<\/em>(19), pp. 1-21. Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dior\u00e9 de P\u00e9rigny, C. (2020, mai 7). Des solutions de la protectrice des enfants pour \u00e9viter les suicides chez les jeunes<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Encyclopedia, T. C., & Glover, F. (2020, janvier 15). Pensionnats indiens au Canada (r\u00e9sum\u00e9 en termes simples)<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fournier, A. (2014). La situation des enfants autochtones du Canada en regard de la Convention relative aux droits de l’enfant. Revue du Barreau<\/em>(73), pp. 327-351. Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Freeman, M. A., Pedersen, A.-m., Parrott, Z., & Gallant, D. (2020, janvier 7). Inuit<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gadacz, R. R., Parrott, Z., & Gallant, D. (2019, ao\u00fbt 6). Premi\u00e8res Nations<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gaudry, A., Welch, M. A., & Gallant, D. (2019, septembre 11). M\u00e9tis<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gouvernement du Canada. (2020, f\u00e9vrier 20). R\u00e9duire le nombre d’enfants autochtones pris en charge<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

IBCR. (2015, juin 15). Les enfants autochtones du Que<\/em>\u0301bec.<\/em> Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

La Presse canadienne. (2019, d\u00e9cembre 7). La r\u00e9forme des services aux enfants autochtones inqui\u00e8te des militants<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Maameri, A. (2019). L\u2019Enfance autochtone et canadienne : Le Miroir de l\u2019Identite<\/em>\u0301.<\/em> Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mourgere, I. (2016, janvier 27). Enfants autochtones, les oubli\u00e9s du Canada<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Niosi, L. (2019, d\u00e9cembre 19). Enfants autochtones : le gouvernement Legault conteste l’autorit\u00e9 d’Ottawa<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Otis, G. (2020, janvier 31). Loi C-92: une loi qui ne peut tenir les promesses faites aux Autochtones<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Parrott, Z., & Filice, M. (2019, ao\u00fbt 7). Peuples autochtones au Canada<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Radio-Canada. (2020, f\u00e9vrier 12). Protection de l’enfance : demande de recours collectif de 10 G$ des Premi\u00e8res Nations<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Radio-Canada. (s.d.). O\u00f9 vivent les Autochtones au Canada?<\/em> Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020.<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rae, J., & Ledoux, J. (2020, janvier 8). Loi C-92 \u2013 Nouveaut\u00e9s en protection de la jeunesse autochtone<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Statistique Canada. (2018, juillet 25). Les peuples autochtones au Canada : Premi\u00e8res Nations, M\u00e9tis et Inuits<\/em>. Consult\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Unicef. (<\/a>2009). La sante<\/em>\u0301 des enfants autochtones : Pour tous les enfants, sans exception.<\/em> Consult<\/a>\u00e9 en mai 2020<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Canada is a many-faceted country and the diversity of its indigenous peoples is one of its riches. But talking about Canada\u2019s indigenous children can be complicated, in particular because the range of situations they experience makes it difficult to generalise. 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