In some parts of Africa, there’s a disturbing trade driven by the belief in the supernatural powers of albino body parts. Sadly, children, who are particularly vulnerable, are targeted for ritualistic killings. Regrettably, Tanzania’s response to the crisis has fallen short, with only a fraction of reported cases resulting in successful prosecutions. Recent UN concerns underscore the ongoing government inaction, which constitutes serious violations of the rights of children with disabilities.
Exploitation of albino children
Albinism, from the Latin “albus” meaning “white,” is a genetic condition resulting in reduced or absent melanin in the skin, hair, and eyes. The most common type, oculocutaneous albinism (OCA), affects vision and skin pigmentation. Albinism arises from heritable mutations and increases the risk of skin cancer, especially in areas with high sun exposure. There is currently no cure for this genetic disorder (Federico & Krishnamurthy, 2023).
It is estimated that albinism is affecting approximately one in 20,000 individuals worldwide. Its prevalence is notably higher in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Tanzania, where about one person in every 1,400 is affected (Reuters, 2017). This increased prevalence in Africa contributes to the availability of prevalence data, given its visibility in darker-skinned populations compared to lighter-skinned populations elsewhere (Kromberg et al., 2023).
In certain regions of Africa, there’s a belief that body parts from individuals with albinism hold special powers, including the ability to cure diseases like AIDS. According to the UN, individuals who target albinos can receive up to $75,000 for a complete body, with individual body parts fetching around $2,000 each.
Tragically, attackers prey on child albinos, selling their body parts to witch doctors for significant sums. Children are targeted due to their vulnerability, being easily accessible, and lacking the physical strength to defend themselves (Bever, 2015).
Challenges faced by albino children in Tanzania
Tanzania stands out as one of the most affected countries, with approximately 75 reported albino killings recorded between 2000 and 2016 (Rao, 2018). The lack of understanding among Tanzanian children with albinism leaves them vulnerable to misconceptions, with many attributing their condition to supernatural causes influenced by witchcraft beliefs.
This misinformation exposes them to exploitation and harm, while also leading to social marginalization. Children with albinism face ridicule, physical violence, social exclusion, and even rejection by family members due to unfounded beliefs, such as the misconception that albinism is contagious (Chu, 2015).
Some believe that witchcraft rituals are more potent when the victim screams during amputation, leading to the gruesome practice of cutting body parts from live victims, especially children. This horrific act is thought to be linked to the belief that the innocence of children enhances the ritual’s effectiveness.
Tanzania’s failed efforts to address attacks on albinism
In response to a surge in ritual killings and amputations targeting people with albinism, particularly children, the country implemented measures aimed at safeguarding their physical well-being. The Tanzanian government initiated actions such as establishing shelters for albino children and forming task forces to investigate the killings (Gilgoff, 2013).
Currently, there are 32 shelters across the country (The Citizen, 2021). These centers house approximately 200 residents engaged in farming, gardening, clothing production, and communal activities like kitchens and classrooms. These shelters are among the few places that provide essential support for children with albinism, including visits from dermatologists who educate them on sun protection due to their extreme vulnerability (Dunn, 2016).
However, UNICEF, working with one of the shelters in the country, reported instances of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse, highlighting ongoing protection concerns (The Citizen, 2021). Additionally, the center faces challenges with space as more albino individuals arrive regularly. There is also a water shortage often requiring residents to fetch water from the hospital well once rainwater supplies are depleted (Dunn, 2016).
International responses and advocacy efforts
UNICEF reported overcrowded shelters with widespread diseases, minimal educational activities, and poor educational outcomes for children with albinism. As a result, the African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACERWC) determined that the government has largely neglected its responsibilities under the African Children’s Charter regarding the rights and protection of children with albinism (The Citizen, 2021).
The albino community, human rights groups, and the United Nations have also criticized Tanzania’s government for its failure to prosecute those responsible for albino killings and for its slow progress in the few cases that have reached court. Out of the 72 albino murders reported in Tanzania by the UN, only five have resulted in successful prosecutions (Gilgoff, 2013).
In 2024, UN experts reiterated concerns over Tanzania’s continued failure to address attacks against people with albinism, stating that this ongoing issue violates its obligation to protect children with disabilities. The Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities emphasized the need for Tanzania to take immediate and unequivocal steps against these abuses. They highlighted that failure to act would suggest condonation of ritual killings, which constitutes a violation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (United Nations, 2024).
Improving conditions for people with albinism in Africa
Going forward, the Tanzanian government must prioritize the reintegration of children with albinism into their communities and ensure the provision of safe living spaces. Moreover, it should continue investigating and prosecuting those responsible for attacks against this vulnerable group. By doing so, Tanzania can reinforce its dedication to the justice and dignity of children with albinism, which is in line with the Regional Action Plan on Albinism in Africa adopted in 2017 (Human Rights Watch, 2019).
To improve the situation for people with albinism in Africa, a collaborative approach is essential. This involves medical experts such as dermatologists, along with public health advocates, educators, social workers, human rights activists, law enforcement agencies, and government support groups. Some crucial areas for action involve educating people on combating stigma and discrimination, as well as ensuring access to medical care, legal protection, and inclusive educational opportunities(Cruz-Inigo et al., 2011).
At Humanium, we advocate for the rights and well-being of children globally, with a particular focus on marginalized groups such as albino children in Tanzania and across Africa. You can contribute to our cause by donating, volunteering, or sponsoring a child. Your support helps us give vulnerable kids the chance for education, healthcare, and a brighter tomorrow.
Written by Lidija Misic
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